Ten tips for perfectly pitched essays

Essays are an incredibly important part of the application process, says  Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant. Seemingly straightforward questions require a great deal of introspection. Make sure you budget time to draft and redraft, try new approaches and carefully edit so that each line packs the maximum punch   1  As soon as you know that you are going to apply to business school, you can start to prepare in a low-stress way. Keep a notebook and jot down anything interesting that comes to mind. An inspiring lecture, a disappointing performance review, an enlightening conversation with a friend, a travel experience, running a marathon, a stimulating book—all of these can be terrific material for your essays. Dont agonise over whether it will make a great topic, just jot it down. You will find that you quickly have a plethora of material to choose from. 2  As you begin to approach essay-writing time, consider putting together a â€Å"brag sheet†. Write down all of the things about you that would not necessarily appear on a rà ©sumà ©: languages you speak, all extracurricular involvements, family traditions and more. This can also be mined for essay content. 3  Once you have the essay questions in hand, there may still be a few stumpers. Even with lots of content, when you are faced with answering a question such as â€Å"What matters most to you?† it is difficult to decide. Here is an exercise that stops you from over-thinking: set your alarm clock for 3am. When you wake up, ask yourself the question. The first thing that comes to mind might surprise you. Do this for a couple of nights and you may come up with a few options or find that you are building a consensus around a certain topic. 4  Before you actually write the essays, take the final step of mapping out the general topics you will cover in each essay. As you map a topic to a question, check it off on a master list of stories you want to cover. This way, you can make sure that a given school is receiving all of your key stories, and that you are spreading out different stories across an application and not being repetitive. 5  Everyone works in different ways: some work best first thing in the morning, others are night owls. Some need to outline concepts on paper, others go straight to computer. So develop a plan that supports your individual style. Many find that the first application can take around 40 hours of work—brainstorming, drafting, editing, refining. As you approach this process, make sure you have the time. Tackle one application at a go. Do not take work leave or attempt it in a single week. Essays require time to gel. Therefore make sure that you have plenty of time to do it right. You may require six weeks, or you may even want 12. 6  Many applicants are inhibited by perfectionism. They can sit at the computer for hours, unable to generate that â€Å"perfect† essay, rewriting so furiously that they dont get past the first few sentences. It is often easier to edit than to write. So just type. A page full of so-so text is less intimidating than that blank page. 7  It is essential that you research your target schools and understand how to appeal to each of them. Each will have a slightly different ethos and look for something different in their students. But†¦ 8  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦you can also save yourself a bit of work. There are certain qualities that all business schools want to see in a successful applicant: leadership team skills ethics communication skills Just saying â€Å"I am a strong leader† is not enough. Every claim you make must have supporting stories that help the reader believe you. You do not need to check off every quality on the list. Select a few that apply to you and reinforce those in an honest and compelling way. 9  Nobody is perfect. The schools know this and you need to show them that you are realistic and self-aware. Revealing your humanity—in the form of quirks, weaknesses and flaws—can often help the admissions committee to like you. A story about how you learned from a failure, improved upon a weakness or struggled with challenges can be compelling. The other side of this is the ability to demonstrate that you can really benefit from the MBA degree. If you know everything already, an admissions committee may wonder why you want to return to school. 10  Get some help. Even the most meticulous writers benefit from a second or third set of eyes. Ask someone to review your essays, look for typos and tell you if you are hitting all of the points in the right way. Is your attempt at humour coming off correctly? Do you seem too humble, too cocky, too serious, not serious enough? After you have been buried with your essays for weeks, a fresh perspective can often help you see the application as an admissions-committee member does: for the first time. Enlist someone who knows about the application process and make sure they are not just reassuring you that all is well, but are actually giving you some quality feedback.

13 Best Jobs For Good Work-Life Balance

13 Best Jobs For Good Work-Life Balance we have a reputation in america for working too hard. more and more americans are working an average of more than 58 hours a week, well beyond the standard 40. but what if you want a better work/life balance? according to census data, the average american works approximately 39 hours and has a median income of $32,000 per year. but here are 13 positions that pay much better for roughly the same time on the job.postal service clerks work about 39.32 hours a week for a median earned income of $51,000.speech language pathologists work about 36.17 hours a week and make roughly $54,000.registered nurses and psychologists make about $56,000 a year, and work an average of 37.59 and 36.75 hours a week, respectively.chiropractors and occupational therapists each make an average of $60,000 a year working 36.02-39.75 hours.technical writers earn an annual average of $62,000 for 39.61 hours a week.physical therapists work about 37.43 hours a week and earn about $63,000.audiologists work roughly 37.77 hours a week for about $64,000, and radiation therapists make a median income of $70,000 a year for 38.4 hours.the biggest winners are optometrists, pharmacists, and dentists who work an average workweek of 37.83-39.03 hours, but make a whopping $100,000-$130,000 a year.consider one of these careers if you want to optimize your work-life balance and your bank account!the 13 highest-paying jobs for people who want to work less than 40 hours a week

The difference between the rules governing deductibility of expenses Essay - 1

The difference between the rules governing deductibility of expenses under ITTOIA - Essay Example The United Kingdom rules on the deductibility of business expenses are underscored by some principles which derived from statutory rules applied based on case laws. Basically, what this means is that only expenses that are entirely and proximately incurred in or connected with the aid of earning an income that is a business-oriented process would be liable to tax deduction if there is no prohibitions as provided for by public policy or applicable statutory rules. In the same manner, expenses that are not on revenue account and are capital in nature or those which are considered to be a profit distribution or division are not allowed. Several case laws exemplify the court approach with the task of setting out rules that underpins the application of principles that would determine the deductibility of expenses on business matters. The decisions taken from the Court of Appeals and the House of Lords have formed into 4 basic rules. Firstly, it should be established that the outlays, which are relevant, should have been incurred for the trade’s benefit, not that of the trader. Likewise, the question on whether or not the mentioned outlays were wholly incurred for trade purposes is a factual question based on court evidence.

HR Management, Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Management, Training and Development - Essay Example Where Mel tends to believe that the feedback generated daily, by Jennifer, should be enough to enhance the levels of productivity within the subordinate staff members, Jennifer believes that a more formal approach to identifying strengths and weaknesses would create a more positive outcome in terms of overall productivity. Using Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as an appropriate example to support Jennifers position, under this theory employees cannot reach the apex of their abilities (this being self-actualization) without the receipt of self-esteem (Morris & Maisto, 2005). In the business world, self-esteem has been known as a positive outcome of continuous reinforcement, both positive and critical (Green, 2004). Though the case study suggests that Jennifer is routinely aware of the activities of her subordinate employees and makes attempts to highlight their strengths and weaknesses, it is important to formalize these discussions so as to promise an offer of various rewards for performance. For instance, if the goal of this particular organization is to increase sales, then Jennifer (and Mel) should adopt the formal appraisal process not only to secure a more motivated and productive staff, but to ensure that the employees clearly understand their job-related expectations and receive the necessary self-confidence (esteem) to genuinely enjoy coming to the workplace. This creates a perception of fairness and balance in the management team where the employees can come to rely on truthful reporting of their competency levels and build camaraderie between the management staff and themselves. With this in mind, avoiding the formal appraisal process in exchange for other business-related issues that are considered priority, the organization is denying themselves the opportunity to create a more cohesive staff who works toward strategic objectives in exchange for a fair analysis of their function within the business. Though Mels arguments are somewhat

Cost and Decision-Making Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cost and Decision-Making Analysis - Assignment Example The formula for calculating the contribution margin is as follows: Contribution margin= Fixed cost per unit – Variable cost per unit. This provides sufficient information to facilitate the calculation of break-even point in total sales dollars. The formula for calculating the break-even point in total sales dollars is as follows: B/E point (in total sales dollars) = Fixed Cost ? P/V ratio In a multiproduct environment the assumption is that the sales mix remains constant (Globusz n.d; unf.edu n.d.). The sales mix is referred to as the relative proportion of each product sold to the total sales value. This can be expressed in the form of a ratio or in the form of a percentage. The contribution per unit for each product is calculated as follows: Contribution = selling price – variable cost Cv = SPv – VCv = $1.65 – $1.25 = $0.40 Cm = SPm – VCm = $1.50 - $0.70 = $0.80 Cn = SPn – VCn = $0.85 - $0.25 = $0.60 The subscripts v, m and n relates to Vel cro, Metal and Nylon respectively. Contribution based on the relative weight in the sales mix = Contribution per unit x quantity. Piedmont Fasteners normally produce as total of 700,000 units of clothing fasteners consisting of 100,000 units from Velcro, 200,000 units from Metal and 400,000 units of nylon. Therefore, in this case the ratio is 1:2:4 The Weighted contribution (WC) is calculated as follows: WCv = $0.40 x (1/7 x 700,000) = $0.40 x 100,000 = $40,000 WCm = $0.80 x (2/7 x 700,000) = $0.80 x 200,000 = $160,000 WCn = $0.60 x (4/7 x 700,000) = $0.60 x 400,000 = $240,000 The quantities represent 1/7th, 2/7th and 4/7th Sales = units sold (Q) x selling price per unit (SP) Sales = Qv x SPv + Qm x SPm + Qn x SPn Sales = (100,000 x $1.65) + (200,000 x $l.50) + 400,000 x $0.85) = $165,000 + $300,000 + $340,000 = $805,000 The weighted P/V ratio is calculated as follows: P/V = ($440,000 ? $805,000) x 100 = .55 = 55% B/E = $400,000 ? .55 = $727,273 The breakeven total sales in dollars is equal to $727,273 Of this 1/7th would relate to the sale of Velcro, 2/7th to the sale of metal and 4/7th to the sale of nylon. This would be $103,896 from the sale of Velcro; $207792 from the sale of metal; and $415,585 from the sale of nylon. The weighted average was used because each product has a different selling price and a different variable cost. Additionally, the quantities of these products that are normally sold are also different. Using weights allow for the relative proportions of each product sold to be taken into consideration. Solution to Question 2 Part (a) The break-even point in units for each product can be calculated taking into consideration that certain fixed costs relate to each of these products only while a certain portion relates administration, salaries and rent. Since we do not know the proportion of these we assume that they are equal. The following formula will be used to calculate the break even point in units for the three types of fasteners. B/E i n units = Fixed cost/contribution The fixed cost for each product = specific fixed cost + proportion of common fixed cost The fixed cost for Velcro fasteners = $20,000 + (1/3 x $240,000) = $100,000 The $20,000 relates to the cost that would be avoided if Velcro fasteners are not produced. The fixed cost for Metal fasteners = $80,000 + (1/3 x $240,000) = $160,000 The $80,000 relates to additional cost incurred when metal fasteners are produced The fixed cost for Nylon fasteners = $60,000 + (1/3 x $240,000) = $140,000 The break-even for each type of fastener is as follows: B/Ev =

A Critical Analysis Of The Constructivism Method Politics Essay

A Critical Analysis Of The Constructivism Method Politics Essay This essay attempts to provide an overview of constructivism in international relations theory; traces back its origins through writings of some scholars ,particularly Alexander Wendt . It sheds light on prominence of constructivism as a challenger to the mainstream international relations. It first lays out the basic tenets of constructivism and examines their implications on opening new substantive areas to inquiry, such as the roles of gender and ethnicity, which have been largely absent from international relations approaches. Having defined some of the core features of constructivism as an approach, the article examines constructivism as theory . This will be conducted through applying theory functions on constructivism. In addition , the essay shows some of the critiques of constructivism from realist and post-positivist point views. Finally . It concludes with the fact that constructivism is not independent and full-fledged theory but a theoretically informed approach to the study of global politics. Key words: constructivism, ideas, identity, norms, culture, beliefs, social construction anarchy. Constructivism provides a good method, but a poor theory. Discuss. Until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the debate between Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism has dominated the discipline of International Relations; materialism was the building blocks of mainstream international theory. For neo-realists, the principal determinant of state behaviour is the distribution of military capabilities among states, consequently anarchy and the distribution of relative power drive most of what goes on in world politics. (Copeland 2000:187) .Neo-liberals also saw state interests as essentially material, even if they did posit the importance of international institutions as intervening variables.( Rues-Smit 2001:224). Thus, societal analysis in international relations scholarship has been marginalised. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the writings of Alexender Wendt (1987, 1992), Friedrich Kratochwil (1989) and Nicholas Onuf (1989) established constructivist ideas, a genuinely radical alternative to conventional IR. Although a relatively new approach to IR, constructivism has returned international scholars to the foundational questions, including the nature of the state and the concepts of sovereignty and citizenship. In addition, constructivism has opened new substantive areas to inquiry, such as the roles of gender and ethnicity, which have been largely absent from international relations approaches. (Mingst 20004:74) By reimagining the social as a constitutive realm of values and practices, and by situating individual identities within such a field, constructivists have placed sociological inquiry back at the centre of the discipline. Aided by the momentous changes that attended the end of the Cold War, and also by the ongoing process of globalization, the constructivists interest in the particularities of culture, identity, interest and experience created space for renaissance in the study of history and world politics. .( Rues-Smit 2001:226) Constructivism as an approach Constructivism is about human consciousness and its role in international life (Ruggie 1998). Constructivists focus on the role of ideas, norms, knowledge, culture, and argument in politics, stressing in particular the role of collectively held or intersubjective ideas and understandings on social life. Specifically, constructivism is an approach to social analysis that asserts the following: (1) human interaction is shaped primarily by ideational factors, not simply material ones; (2) the most important ideational factors are widely shared or intersubjective beliefs, which are not reducible to individuals; and (3) these shared beliefs construct the interests and identities of purposive actors (Adler 1997, Price Reus-Smit 1998, Ruggie 1998, Wendt 1999). The core observation in constructivism is the social construction of reality. This has a number of related elements. One is to emphasize the socially constructed nature of actors and their identities and interests. Instead of assuming that actors are born outside of and prior to society, the claim is that individuals are produced and created by their cultural environment. Nurture not nature. (Branett 2001 : 259). In an of-repeated phrase, Alexander Wendt captured the methodological core of IR constructivism: anarchy is what states make of it. There is no objective international world apart from the practices and institutions that states arrange among themselves. In making that statement , Wendt argues that a self-help anarchy is not some kind of external given which dictates a logic of analysis based on realism: self-help and power politics are institutions ,not essential features of anarchy'(Wendt 1992:395) ,(Jackson Sorensen 1999:239) Alexander Wendt argues that political structure, whether one of anarchy or particular distribution of material capabilities, explain nothing. It tells us little about state behaviour : It does not predict whether two states will be friend or foes, will recognize each others sovereignty ,will have dynastic ties, will have revisionist or status quo powers, and so on. (Wendt 1992:395) . What we need to know is identity, and identities change as a result of cooperative behaviour and learning. Whether the system is anarchic depends on the distribution of identities, not the distribution of military capabilities, as the realist would have us believe. If a state identifies with itself, then the system may be anarchic. If a state identifies with other states, then there is no anarchy (.(Mingst 20004:75) A security dilemma , for example , is not merely made up of the fact that two sovereign states possess nuclear weapons. It also depends on how those states view each other; that view is based on shared knowledge. ,(Jackson Sorensen1999:238) In a constructivist analysis, agents and structures are mutually constituted; structures not only constrain actors, they also shape the identities and the interests of them. Thus structures are also defined by ideas, norms, and rules; in other words, structures contain normative and material elements. The challenge, therefore, is to recognize that the normative structure can create agents and that agents can create and possibly transform those structures. (Branett 2001 : 255). According to Alder , constructivisms importance and its added value for the study of international relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this realty. ( Alder1997:322) . Additionally , power can be understood not only as the ability of one actor to do what they would not to do otherwise , but also as the production of identities and interests that limit the ability to control their life. In sum , the meanings that actors bring to their activities are shaped by the underlying culture, and meanings are not always fixed but are a central feature of politics. Constructivism as a theory However, despite of the intellectual vigour that constructivism has fostered, this approach has been criticized. John Mersheimer complains that constructivists put too much emphasis on subjective ideas knowledge: realists believe that the state behaviour is largely shaped by the material structure of the international system. The distribution of material capabilities among states is the key factor for understanding world politics. This means that everything is not uncertain or in flux, says Mersheimer, because the material structure is an objective reality and is not merely intersubjective. (Mearsheimer 1995a:91-92). Although constructivism is deeply concerned with radically changing state behaviour, it says little about how change comes about. It does not tell us why particular discourses become dominant, and others fall by the wayside. And when constructivism trys to point out particular factors that lead to changes in discourse, often argues that material changes drive changes in discourse. So discourse is not determinative , but a reflective of developments in objective world..( Mearsheimer 1995b :42 ). In addition, neo-realists are sceptical about the importance that constructivists attach to norms, in particular international norms. Such norms surely exist, but they are routinely disregarded if that is in the interest of powerful states.( Jackson 2006 ). Moreover, there is no international consensus concerning norms of behaviour in the international system, primary of which is justice and human rights. At the same time, neo-realists are not ready to accept that states can easily become friends due to their social interaction. Such a goal may be desirable in principle, but not realizable in practice, because the structure of the international system forces states to behave as egoists. Anarchy, offensive capabilities, and uncertain intentions combine to leave states with little choice but to compete aggressively with each other. For realists, trying to infuse states with communitarian norms is a hopeless cause (Mearsheimer 1995b: 367). From the post-positivist side, Steve Smith argues that the constructivist view of how ideas and shared knowledge shape the way the actors see themselves in world politics is not sufficiently profound. Furthermore, the constructivist agenda is a rather traditional one, focusing on the interaction of states .There is no place for structure such as capitalism or patriarchy. (Smith 1997:186) Finally, if, as constructivists claim, there is no objective reality . if the world is in the eye of the beholder , then there can be no right or wrong answers , only individual perspectives. With no authoritative texts, all texts are equally valid both the musings of the elite and the practices of everyday men and women. (Mingst 20004:76) Is it a theory? A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence; it presents a concept or idea that is testable. In science, a theory is not merely a guess. A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon. In social sciences, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviours. A social theory has two key components: (1) it must describe behaviour and (2) make predictions about future behaviours. To evaluate a theory, we must verify many conditions: 1- Generalizability: applicability to many times, places, and issues. 2-Empirical validity: accuracy of predictions. 3-Progression: whether it expands to new predictions or degenerates by excessive modification. If we apply these conditions to constructivism, we will find that constructivism is neither specific enough to be testable, nor parsimonious. And it is unclear what factors are cause nor which are effect. It does not prize deductive methods of theory-construction and does not seek to uncover causalities. ( Ruggie, 1998, 52) Constructivism is a different kind of theory from realism, liberalism, or Marxism and operates at a different level of abstraction. Constructivism is not a substantive theory of politics. It is a social theory that makes claims about the nature of social life and social change; consequently it does not, by itself, produce specific predictions about political outcomes that one could test in social science research. (Finnemore Sikkink 2001:393) As such, it is much more and much less than meets the eye. It is much less because it is not properly a theory that can be viewed as a rival to already existing theories. It offers no predictions about enduring regularities or tendencies in world politics. Instead, it suggests how to investigate them. Consequently, it is much more than meets the eye because if offers alternative ways of thinking about a range of issues. (Branett 2001 : 268) However, the debate about basic theory is of course relevant for the constructivist ambition of demonstrating that ideas matter. How exactly is it that ideas matter? Do changes in ideas always come before changes in material conditions? Do ideas guide policy or are they justifications for policy? Should ideas be seen as causes of behaviour in IR or should they rather be seen as constitutive elements that define what IR is all about? Further clarification in these areas is of vital importance for the constructivist research programme. (Jackson 2006). Drawing on what mentioned above, there is scepticism about constructivism .whether it is properly to be seen as a theory of IR theory or as a philosophical category, a meta-theory or a method for empirical research, or whether it is indeed an approach relevant at several levels. ( Zehfuss 2002:9) . In conclusion, constructivism is not independent and full-fledged theory but a theoretically informed approach to the study of global politics. Conclusion Constructivism challenged the disciplines mainstream on its own terms and on issues that were at the heart of its research agenda. (Branett 2001: 268) However, the rise of Constructivism has had several important impacts on the development of international relations theory and analysis; the social, historical, and normative have returned to the centre stage of debate, especially the American core of the discipline. . ( Rues-Smit 2001:225) Constructivisms core assumptions have shaped its empirical research program in several important ways. They have shaped the kinds of questions constructivists tend to ask by opening up for inquiry issues that other approaches had failed to engage. Understanding the constitution of things is essential in explaining how they behave and what causes political outcomes. Just as understanding how the double-helix DNA molecule is constituted materially enables understandings of genetics and disease, so, too, an understanding of how sovereignty, human rights, laws of war, or bureaucracies are constituted socially allows us to hypothesize about their effects in world politics. (Finnemore Sikkink 2001:394). Their claim deserves attention in a world where inflamed passions lead to bloodshed in the name of neither conquest nor class, but instead simply because of who the enemy is: a Muslim, a Serb, a Tutsi, a Hutu, a Catholic, a Protestant, an Arab, or a Jew. Realism and liberalism are not incapable of explaining hatred, but they struggle to account for such widespread violence that serves neither Mammon nor the national interest. (Kowert,Paul 2001). Finally , Constructivism has become a phenomenon in IR not merely because many scholars adopted it , but because a lot of scholars debated and are still debating it .

Reading The Light :: essays research papers

Reading The Light   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story that is most significant to me is “Reading the Light'; by Roger Pfingston. This story felt like it was written from the heart. It is filled with emotions, ones that the author caught in his story very well. Even though I could not empathize with Brian, I did feel sympathetic towards him. When David said to Brian, “Is it really such a surprise? I’m sure you know that your mother and I haven’t been the best of friends lately.'; (6), that was a shock to me. David did not seem to be sympathetic towards his son; instead he made it sound like it had happened and that there was nothing that could be done about it. At the end of the story, David, Maria and Brian went to the park where the author stated “The three of them stood huddled in the glare of ice and sun.'; (7) My heart sank. They just stood there accepting that their family was breaking up. I thought that Roger Pfingston wrote this story from his heart. I was able to put my self in Brian’s place and actually feel how I thought he would feel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story that stretched my imagination the most was “Charles'; by Shirley Jackson. Even though children have wild imaginations, it did not occur to me that a child in kindergarten would tell such an elaborate lie. When I looked back in the story, I found the spot where I think that Laurie first started to tell his lie. “The teacher spanked a boy, though, ... For being fresh'; was Laurie’s replay to his mother asking him what happened in school. “Laurie thought. “It was Charles';'; (14) When I reread this I thought that this was where Laurie decided to put on his act. I know that young children are capable of a lot of things, and some times they go unnoticed, like Laurie’s charade. This story seemed to be more like a fairy tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Story that I think I will remember the longest is “Another April'; by Jesse Stuart. This story found a soft spot in my heart. I thought it was indescribable how much Grandpa enjoyed life. Grandpa was acting like an anxious little kid “Don’t get ’em, I won’t ketch cold.'; (37) Grandpa seemed to be filled with life. He waited every year to go out and be among the world.

New Issues during the Civil Rights Movements Essay

â€Å"What new issues emerged for the civil rights movement in the period 1965-1970? How did black leaders respond to those issues in different ways? † During the period 1965-1970, new issues had emerged for the civil rights movement, such as the question of whether Martin Luther King’s philosophy of non-violent tactics were too moderate and limited, poverty and voting rights. During 1965 to 1970, black leaders responded to these issues in a number of ways. Responses to these issues included the forming of Black Nationalist groups, voter registration campaigns and campaigns to get rid of poverty. An issue that emerged during 1965-1970 for the black civil rights movement was voting rights. Even though blacks had been given the right to vote since 1964, they often were frightened and intimidated by the whites if they went and voted. An example of this is with Fannie Ion Hamer. When Hamer came back from registering to vote, she was met by the owner of the plantation where she and her husband had worked for 17 years and was told that she would either leave or withdraw her name from the voters roll. She left and that night 16 shots were fired at the house she and her husband were staying in. Blacks were forced to do literacy tests, which most failed, before they could become registered voters; this was done to prevent the blacks from voting as they didn’t have very good literacy skills. By 1965 very few blacks were still not enrolled for example in Selma and Alabama, where only 350 blacks were registered to vote. The voting had become a new issue because many black civil rights leaders realized the significance of blacks voting to get their own people into positions of authority and create more progress for blacks in America. Another issue that emerged in the 1965-1970 for the black civil rights movement was the question whether Martin Luther King’s philosophy of non-violence stance was too moderate and limited. Martin Luther King’s tactics for making America desegregated was all non-violence, for example sit-ins, marches, signs or protests, boycotts, freedom rides and wait-ins. At first these tactics worked. The freedom rides achieved to desegregate bus terminals, issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission. The sit-ins worked because the protesters annoyed the whites, but not enough for them to take violent action from the police. Bills and laws were being passed. In the 1963 Birmingham campaign led by Martin Luther King the sit-ins, boycotts and mass marches managed to desegregate Birmingham. But by 1966 Black Power emerged and was an alternative philosophy to non-violent protest that civil rights’ activists could use. To some black leaders the methods Martin Luther King had always seemed too fair and his aim of winning concessions from the white majority appeared too inadequate. This was an issue to many blacks, because even though the non-violent methods worked most of the time, blacks were still getting beaten for it and or even killed. The Black Power became a very good alternative because it united black people to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It was a call for black people to define their own goals, doing whatever is necessary to get what they need. The Black Power proved its point in the riots that emerged in Watts, Selma and Chicago, where blacks got what they wanted using means of violence. The riots showed that violence can be the answer too, the total opposite of Martin Luther King’s beliefs. Poverty was another issue the civil rights movement had to face in the period 1965-1970. Poverty of blacks occurred because of blacks being denied skilled jobs that paid well, this led the blacks to not having enough money for education, housing and food supplies, which led to theft among their own people. Blacks in ghettos believed there was no point in going to school if in the end they weren’t to get any good, well paid jobs. Blacks found that there was no use in working if their jobs paid a little more than the Social Security payments for the unemployed. These beliefs created a cycle of poverty and that in order to change and progress further than they already are they needed to break that poverty cycle. This proved to be a great challenge for conservative black groups and leaders but was one of the significant factors for the rise of nationalists groups. In response to the issue of voting rights, black leaders held many voter registration campaigns and demonstrations. An example was the Selma Campaign in 1965, which became a significant campaign. Marches from Selma to Montgomery, which had been banned by the Federal Court, was led by Martin Luther King. On one march the marchers were met by State Troops and so King led them in prayer and marched them back to Selma. This cost the support of many King’s younger supporters, but the Selma Campaign was still a success. This led to the introduction of the Voters’ Rights Bill, which ensured that obstruction to voting would be prevented and many more blacks were now enrolling. In response to the questioning of Martin Luther Kings non-violent methods, black leaders started to form nationalists groups which had more violent policies. For example, in 1966 the Black Panthers were formed. They called for the arming of blacks, to have all blacks released from prison and for blacks to receive compensation for centuries of exploitation by whites. This group also used a lot of violence, but younger blacks found this more appealing than Martin Luther King’s tactics, as they had more aggressive approaches and could relate to blacks who had grown up in the ghettos. Finally, in response to the issue of poverty, black leaders held campaigns for this problem too. During 1968, King organised the ‘Poor Peoples Campaign’. This was an attempt to bring together all of America’s poor – not just blacks – and was obviously not fought along racial lines. This would have been a great way to deal with the poverty of America because it would have brought together many different groups of people in order to achieve common goals. In conclusion during the civil rights movement in years 1965-1970, the new issues that emerged were voting rights, the question whether Martin Luther King’s tactics were too fair and limited and poverty. These issues were responded by the black leaders in different ways such as the forming of Black Nationalists groups, for example the Black Panthers, voter registration campaigns and campaigns to get rid of poverty.

Pfizers Drug

Pfizers Drug What are the different phases that a Drug Company goes through in order to bring a new drug product to market in the U.S. and Europe? In the US and Europe markets, new drugs are released in the market after a number of trials have been done. This is necessary to asses their efficacy and safety. Phase one revolves around experimental medicine where trials are done to asses the drugs tolerability and safety. As much as the drug might be administered, this is usually done under a lot of supervision.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pfizer’s Drug-Testing Strategy in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Phase two revolves around the effectiveness of the drug in relation to the illness (Pfizer, 2011, p. 8). In this case, the effectiveness of the drug in treating the illness is evaluated. This phase is characterized by collecting a lot of information on the drug to see its safety, risks and side effects. As a matt er of fact, the best way by which the drug can be administered and the right dosage are evaluated. Phase three is done on large populations to gauge the effectiveness of the drug. In this case, a large number of participants are chosen to provide a primary basis for the experimental drug. The next step after phase three is registration with the regulatory authority (Pfizer, 2011, p. 5). For instance, the FDA in US and the EMEA in Europe are responsible for registration. After this has been granted, new medicines can then be sold to patients. A new approval refers to drugs that have been given the green light to be marketed. Phase four revolves around post marketing studies that are occasionally done on a drug after it has been registered. Did Pfizer behave unethically by rushing to take advantage of an epidemic in Nigeria to test experimental drugs on children? Pfizer behaved unethically because the drug had not been approved to be administered on 100 children (BBC, 2001, p. 23). Th e company violated three laws thereby leading to the death of five children. As a matter of fact, children and their parents did not know that they were using an experimental drug. Should it have been less opportunistic and proceeded more carefully? There are all indications to show that the company was somehow opportunistic in its moves. It seems that Pfizer did not follow the right step because all the phases were not undertaken (BBC, 2001, p.14). The company took advantage of this epidemic to test its experimental drug and this should have been done more carefully. Were corners cut with regard to patient consent in the rush to establish a trial? Corners were cut with regard to patient consent because children and their parents did not know that they were using an experimental drug. It can be well proven that patients did not know that they were using an experimental drug because the company could not prove it.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Did doctors keep patients on Trovan too long when they should have switched them to another medication? It is quite obvious that patients were kept too long on Trovan. This is because five deaths were reported yet this could have been avoided (BBC, 2001, p. 9). As a matter of fact, some children developed arthritis yet there were other approved drugs at the field hospital that could have been used. This is well elaborated by the fact that Doctors Without Borders were using an approved drug at that place. Is it ethical to test experimental drugs on children in a crisis setting in the developing world where the overall standard of health care is so much lower than in the developed world and proper protocols might not be followed? It is not ethical at all to test experimental drugs in a crisis setting because better drugs can be used to avert a crisis. The company could have used the right steps in introd ucing a new drug unlike what they did (BBC, 2001, p.17). Later on, the drug was approved to be used by adults in USA yet the company was testing the drug with children. This is very unethical of a large multinational that is supposed to uphold ethical standards in its practices. Reference List BBC. (2001). Nigerians sue Pfizer over test deaths. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1517171.stm Pfizer. (2011). Phases of Development. Retrieved from https://www.pfizer.com/science/clinical-trials/what-are-clinical-trials

Important Female Artists of the Surrealist Movement

Important Female Artists of the Surrealist Movement Founded in 1924 by writer and poet Andrà © Breton, the Surrealist group was comprised of artists whom Breton had handpicked. However, the movements ideas, which focused on exposing the subconscious through exercises like automatic drawing, were not contained to the select few whom Breton capriciously favored or shunned. Its influence was worldwide and found its strongest outposts in Mexico, the United States, Europe, and Northern Africa. Due to Surrealism’s reputation as a male discipline, female artists are often written out of its story. Yet the work of these five female artists upends the traditional narrative about Surrealism’s focus on objectifying the female body, and their participation in the movement is testament to the fact that the Surrealist ethos was more expansive than art history has previously assumed. Leonor Fini Leonor Fini was born in Argentina in 1907, but she spent her youth in Trieste, Italy after her mother fled an unhappy marriage to Fini’s father. As an adult, Fini became well-acquainted with the Surrealist group in Paris, befriending figures such as Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. Her work was exhibited in MoMA’s seminal 1937 â€Å"Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism† show. Fini was taken by the idea of the androgyne, with which she identified. Her lifestyle was in keeping with her unconventional approach to gender, as she lived in a menagetrois with two men for over forty years. She spent summers in a rundown castle on Corsica, where she gave elaborate costume parties, for which her guests would plan for months. Leonor Fini with one of her paintings. Francis Apesteguy/Getty Images Finis work often featured female protagonists in positions of dominance. She illustrated erotic fiction and designed costumes for her friends’ plays. She would also design her own costumes for social events. Her often over-the-top self image was photographed by some of the era’s most well known photographers, including Carl van Vechten. Perhaps Fini’s greatest commercial success was in designing the perfume bottle for Elsa Schiaparellis â€Å"Shocking† perfume. The bottle was made to look like the naked torso of a woman; the design has been mimicked for decades. Dorothea Tanning Dorothea Tanning was born in 1911 and grew up in Galesburg, Illinois, the daughter of Swedish immigrants. Stifled by a strict childhood, the young Tanning escaped into literature, becoming acquainted with the world of European arts and letters through books. Confident that she was destined to become an artist, Tanning dropped out of the Art Institute of Chicago in favor of living in New York. MoMA’s 1937 â€Å"Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism† cemented her commitment to Surrealism. It was not until years later that she became close to some of its key characters, when many moved to New York to escape the growing hostility in Europe due to the Second World War. Portrait of Dorothea Tanning, 1955.   Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images When visiting Tanning’s studio on behalf of his wife Peggy Guggenheim’s â€Å"Art of this Century† Gallery, Max Ernst met Tanning and was impressed with her work. They became fast friends, and eventually married in 1946, after Ernst had divorced Guggenheim. The couple moved to Sedona, Arizona and lived among a cohort of fellow Surrealists. Tanning’s output was varied, as her career spanned around eighty years. Although she is perhaps best known for her paintings, Tanning also turned to costume design, sculpture, prose, and poetry. She has a large body of work consisting of plush humanoid sculptures, which she was known to use in installations throughout the 1970s. She died in 2012 at age 101. Leonora Carrington Leonora Carrington was born in the United Kingdom in 1917. She briefly attended the Chelsea School of Art, then transferred to Londons Ozenfant Academy of Fine Arts. She met Max Ernst in her early twenties and soon moved with him to the south of France. Ernst was arrested by the French authorities for being a hostile alien and later by the Nazis for producing degenerate art. Carrington suffered a nervous breakdown and was hospitalized at an asylum in Spain. Her only means of escape was to marry, so she married a Mexican diplomat and left for the United States, where she was reunited with many of the Surrealists in exile in New York. She soon moved to Mexico, where she helped to found the Womens Liberation Movement and ultimately spent the rest of her life. Carringtons work centers on symbols of mysticism and sorcery, and often deals with significant recurring images. Carrington also wrote fiction, including The Hearing Trumpet (1976), for which she is best known. Sculpture by Leonora Carrington in Mexico City.    Meret Oppenheim Swiss artist Meret Oppenheim was born in Berlin in 1913. At the outbreak of the First World War, her family moved to Switzerland, where she began to study art before moving to Paris. It was in Paris that she became acquainted with the Surrealist circle. She knew Andrà © Breton, was briefly romantically involved with Max Ernst, and modeled for Man Ray’s photographs. Oppenheim was best known for her assemblage sculpture, which brought together disparate found objects in order to make a point. She is most famous for her Dà ©jeuner en Fourrure also called Objet, a teacup lined in fur, which was exhibited at MoMA’s â€Å"Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism† and was reportedly the first addition to the collection of the Museum of Modern Art by a woman. Objet became an icon of the Surrealist movement, and though it is responsible for Oppenheim’s fame, its success has often overshadowed her other extensive work, which includes painting, sculpture, and jewelry. Though she was crippled by the early success of Objet, Oppenheim began to work again in the 1950s, after several decades. Her work ËÅ"has been the subject of numerous retrospectives around the world. Often addressing themes of female sexuality, Oppenheim’s work remains an important touchstone for understanding Surrealism as a whole. Dora Maar Dora Maar was a French Surrealist photographer. She is perhaps most famous for her photograph Pà ¨re Ubu, a closeup of an armadillo, which became an iconic image for Surrealism after it was exhibited at the International Surrealist Exhibition in London. Maars career has been overshadowed by her relationship with Pablo Picasso, who used her as muse and model for many of his paintings (most notably his â€Å"Weeping Woman† series). Picasso convinced Maar to close her photography studio, which effectively ended her career, as she was unable to revive her former reputation. However, a significant retrospective of Maars work will open at the Tate Modern in the fall of 2019. Photographs by Dora Maar of her lover, Pablo Picasso.   Getty Images Sources Alexandrian S.  Surrealist Art. London: Thames Hudson; 2007.Blumberg N. Meret Oppenheim. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Meret-Oppenheim.Crawford A. A Look Back at the Artist Dora Maar. Smithsonian. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/pro_art_article-180968395/. Published 2018.Leonora Carrington: National Museum of Women in the Arts. Nmwa.org. https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/leonora-carrington.Meret Oppenheim: National Museum of Women in the Arts. Nmwa.org. https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/meret-oppenheim.

IT Consultation for Fast Paced Financial Assignment

IT Consultation for Fast Paced Financial - Assignment Example Active Directory Domain Services (ADDS) A directory service is a system, which provides a platform for information in a directory to be stored in a systematic manner and makes it easy to retrieve. Information technology defines directory as the path or mapping, which gives differences between names or letters and values. Active Directory Domain services, creates connections of names belonging to network resources and traces them to their intended storage addresses. This makes it easy to retrieve information for any worker within the company since they do not have to recall the exact location of the network resource. As a result, time management is observed and quick turnaround retrieving is enhanced. Active Directory Domain Services gives a platform where information is stored in distributed databases. Information in these databases is easy to maintain and manage. Deploying AD DS in Fast Paced Financial Company will enhance efficient organization of network elements, which entail, co mputers, users and other sharable devices like printers within the organization. In this case, the efficient organization will include hierarchical containment structure. Hierarchical containment structure is distributed to its elements, which include; Active Directory forest, Organizational units and the domains in forest. Benefits, which come with the deployment of AD DS and initiation of hierarchical containment structure include; first, the security of data within the company is guaranteed. The forest creates platforms of authority by administrators and hence each worker will have limits to what they access within the databases. Secondly, AD DS can be partitioned by supplementing domains. The partitioning helps in the replication of information only where it is required. Enhancing the partitioning enables the global scaling of networks, which have inadequate available bandwidth. Finally, AD DS has a feature, which entails stipulated rules, the Schema, which details classes of ob jects. Though Mark Cohen may find it expensive to deploy windows server 2008 network, there is a need to provide scenarios for the need of this system. In a case where Fast Paced Financial Company has not deployed the AD DS network, confidential and standard information within the company are prone to hackers. Information technology has helped develop the world in many aspects but a small number of professions lack ethical attributes to conduct their professionalism. Such people are Forensic: thus, in this case, there will be a need to trap such occurrences where hackers are after you data by implementing security measures within the company. Installation of AD DS will provide security of data, through the administrator logon features, which only allow people with passwords to access the databases; hence, sensitive data is perfectly secure. Fast Paced Financial Forest Structure The FPF Forest structure provides an efficient communication between the administrator and all available d omains. The domains are provided with procedures, rules and platforms to enable them operate efficiently. These elements of the domains include the configurations, which enables the domains to deploy the system, the Schema, which entails rules and the application, which provides platform for operation. Server Outage Information Technology defines Server Outage as slow down operation or lack of operation by the server. Server outage leads to component non-functioning towards the server machines and hence leads to

The Issue of Rational Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Issue of Rational Suicide - Essay Example Rational suicide, aka ‘euthanasia,’ is taken from Greek origin meaning ‘good death.’ Writers of 1700’s Britain referred to euthanasia as a being a preferential method by which to ‘die well’ (â€Å"Definition†, 2007). In the medical arena, rational suicide describes a situation in which a terminally ill patient is administered a lethal dose of medication, is removed from a life-support system or is simply allowed to die without active participation such as by resuscitation. A doctor’s involvement in the procedure could be to either prescribe a lethal dose of drugs with the express intent of ending a life or by intravenously inserting a needle into the terminal patient who then activates a switch that administers the fatal dose (Naji et al, 2005). Physicians, lawmakers, and philosophers have debated the notion of rational suicide since the beginning of recorded history but the wide public debate regarding its legalization has only surfaced over the past three decades. In the 1970’s it became lawful to draft ‘living wills’ which allows a patient to refuse ‘heroic’ life saving medical assistance in the event they were incapacitated and could only survive by artificial means (Rich, 2001). In other words, it gave the next of kin the right to direct doctors to ‘pull the plug’ if the patient’s condition was considered hopeless, a practice which is now broadly accepted.   However, these wills did not eliminate the potential problem of individuals being kept alive for incredibly long periods of time in permanent unconscious states as there were often no provisions for withdrawing nutrition and hydration when no other life support interventions were necessary.   This oversight has been largely addressed through power of attorney.   â€Å"The durable power of attorney allows an individual to designate in writing a proxy or surrogate decision maker (the at torney-in-fact) who has the same degree of authority to consent to or decline life-sustaining treatment as the patient would if he or she were competent†